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1. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, vii, 412-415
"The Rús Seizure of the Town of Barda'a" (332 A.H./943-944 A.D.)
In this year (332) armed bands of Rús went by
sea (the Caspian) to the region of Adharbayján, going from the sea up the
Kúr River (the Kura), which is a large river. They eventually landed at
Barda'a. The representative of al-Marzubán in Barda'a met them when he
gathered a force from the Daylamis and [other Muslim] volunteers, which
force numbered more than five thousand men. He engaged the Rús, and it was
only a short time until the Muslims were routed, and the Daylamis were
killed to the last man. The Rus then entered the town and the
representative of al-Marzubán fled on whatever riding animal he could
find. The Rús encamped in the area and policed it for security. They were
good in their conduct. The Muslim warriors drew near to the Rús from every
direction, and the Rús were quarreling with each other, but
The Rús forbade this
action, but the inhabitants did not refrain [from the assault], only the
sensible ones who held back their inclinations, and it is known that
neither the masses nor the mob can master their appetites. After
this lasted for a long time, they ordered the people of the town to depart
and [they said that] they would not attack the townsmen for an interval of
three days, and an individual was free to leave with whatever possessions
he could carry. Most of the townsmen remained [in Barda'a] after the
appointed time, and the Rús then killed many people, and they took some
ten thousand souls captive. They gathered those who remained in the
Friday Mosque, and they said to the remaining townsmen: "You can either
ransom yourselves or we will kill you." A Christian came forth and settled
on twenty dirhams for each man. But the Rús did not keep to their bargain,
except for the sensible ones, after they realized that they would not
receive anything for some townsmen. They massacred all of those [for whom
they could receive no ransom], and only a few fled from the massacre. The
Rús then took the valuables of the people and enslaved the remaining
prisoners, and took the women and enjoyed them.
"The March of al-Marzubán to the Rús and His
Victory Over Them" (
The Muslims regarded the control of the
people of Barda'a by the Rús to be an important matter, and they assembled
[another] army. Al-Marzubán Ibn Muhammad gathered the people and he
led them to war. He commanded as many as thirty thousand men, but he did
not attack the Rús [directly]. He skirmished with them in the mornings and
the evenings, but he returned defeated from the battles. This continued in
the same manner for many days. The Rús then advanced in the direction of
Marágha. They ate a great deal of fruit which made them ill, and the
number of Rús who became sick and died from the tainted fruit steadily
grew.
When al-Marzubán saw that
this situation continued, he devised a stratagem. He decided to conceal an
ambush, march towards the Rús with his army, and then recoil. The Rús
would engage in a pursuit, and his men who were concealed would fall upon
the Rús. He explained the plan to his followers and he set up the ambush.
He then went out to engage the Rús. He and his men attacked the Rús and
then recoiled. The Rús pursued them until they arrived at the site of the
ambush. They army of al-Marzubán maintained a unified front, and did not
fight the Rús one on one.
It is reported that
al-Marzubán said: "I told my men to return to the charge, but they did not
move forward because they feared the Rús. I understood that if my troops
continued in their retreat, the Rús would kill most of them. Then the Rús
arrived at the site of the ambush. They uncovered the men who were waiting
in ambush and they killed those who had left [their positions]. Then
I personally returned to the charge, with my brother and my minister
following me. I prepared myself mentally for martyrdom. Then most of
the Daylamis returned to help us, feeling ashamed [of their
cowardice]. They came and did battle with the Rús, and we called the
signal for our other men who were still hidden in the ambush to come out
and assist us. They attacked the Rús in the rear, and we took the
initiative against them in battle. We killed many of the Rús, including
their prince. The rest of the Rús retreated to the citadel of the town,
which is called Shahristan. This is the location to which they moved their
many possessions, and where they placed their prisoners and their
booty."
Al-Marzubán then
surrounded them and strengthened his forces. He then received news that
Abú 'Abd Allah al-Husayn Ibn Sa'id Ibn Hamdáni had gone to Adharbayján and
proceeded to Salmás. Abú was the cousin of Násir ad-Dawla, and was sent by
the latter to take possession of Adharbayján. When news of this reached
al-Marzubán, he left his men, who were maintaining a blockade of the town,
and he marched to Abú Ibn Hamdáni. They fought a battle, but snow began to
fall and Ibn Hamdáni's troops disbanded because most of them were Bedouin.
Then Abu Ibn Hamdáni received a letter from Násir ad-Dawla, informing him
of the death of Túzún and of his intention to go to Baghdád. Násir ordered
Abú Ibn Hamdáni to return to him and he did so.
As for the followers of
al-Marzubán, they continued to give battle to the Rús. When the Rús buried
one of their men, they buried his weapons with him. The Muslims thus found
many things after the departure of the Rús. The Rús spent the night in the
citadel, and then they took what [moveable items] they wished from their
booty on their backs and went to the Kúr River (Kura), and sailed away in
their ships. The followers of al-Marzubán were were too weary to pursue
them, so they gathered their things and they left Barda'a. And so Allah
cleansed the Rús from the land.
2. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, viii,
508
"The Battle of Hadath" (
In this year, in the month of Rabí'a
al-'Awwal, Saif ad-Dawla Ibn Hamdán raided the country of ar-Rúm
(Byzantium). He took male and female captives, and booty. Among those
killed was Constantine, son of ad-Dumustaq (Bardas Phocas), which was
distressing ar-Rúm and to ad-Dumustaq. Ad-Dumustaq then gathered his
troops from among ar-Rúm, ar-Rús, al-Bulghár, and others, and went towards
the frontier. Saif ad-Dawla marched towards him and they met at Hadath, in
the month of Sha'bán. The battle between ad-Dumustaq and Saif ad-Dawla
became intense, and the troops stoutly endured [the conflict]. Then,
Allah, the Exalted One, granted the victory to the Muslims. Ar-Rúm was
defeated and a great number of men were killed. Relatives of ad-Dumustaq
were captured, namely, his daughter's sons, as well as many of his
patricians. Ad-Dumustaq returned [to ar-Rúm] utterly
defeated.
3. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, ix,
43-44
"The Conversion of the Rús"
(
Waradís Ibn Lawn went to Constantinople and
in it were the two kings who were the sons of Armanus (Romanos), Basil and
Constantine. Waradís harassed them and they called upon the Rús king,
asking for his help and offering their sister to him in marriage. She
refused, however, to hand herself over to one whose religion differed from
her own. The Rús king then converted to Christianity and this was the
beginning of Christianity among the Rús. He married her. Then he went to
Waradís, and they engaged in battle. Waradís was killed and the two kings
were established in their dominion.
4. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, ix, 521
"The Rús Attack on Constantinople"
(
In this year, also in [the month of] Safar, a
great multitude of Rús arrived at Constantinople by sea. They
Those Rús who were on the
mainland fought and were hard-pressed [by ar-Rúm]. They bore [their
predicament] stoutly, but then were put to flight and did not have any
place to which they could flee. Those
5. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, x, 65
"The Battle of Manzikert"
(
In this year, Armanus, the king of ar-Rúm,
left with 100,000 warriors from ar-Rúm, al-FranJ, al-Gharb, ar-Rús,
When Alp Arslan
approached the enemy, he came upon their advance guard. The mass of men
swerved, and in the front of the enemy's advance guard were approximately
20,000 Rús warriors. They engaged in battle
6. al-Kámil fí 't-Ta'ríkh, xii, 387
"The Tatar Invasion of Rús Territory"
(
The Tatars took possession of the land of the
Qifjáq (Qipchaq), and the Qifjáq became dispersed. Many Tatar
The Rús went onto the
road to confront the Tatars before the Tatars reached their country. They
reached the
The battle continued for
many days. Then, however, the Tatars were victorious and vanquished the
Rús and
Then, most of the
important Rús merchants and wealthy men gathered together, carrying their
precious
„They (= the Rús) carry clean clothes and the men adorn themselves with bracelets and gold. They treat their slaves well and also they carry exquisite clothes, because they put great effort in trade. They have many towns. They have a most friendly attitude towards foreigners and strangers who seek refuge.“
(on Novgorod)
„As for the Rus, they live on an island … that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; … They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and … sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav’s lands … When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, ‚I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon.‘“
§ 44. Discourse on the Rus Country and its
Towns
East of this country are the mountains of the
Pechenegs; south of it, the river Rútá; west of it, the Saqlábs; north of it,
the Uninhabited Lands of the North. This is a vast country, and the
inhabitants are evil-tempered, intractable, arrogant-looking, quarrelsome,
and warlike. They war with all the infidels who live round them, and come
out victorious. The king is called Rús-kháqán. It is a country extremely
favoured by nature with regard to all the necessaries (of life). One group
of them practise chivalry. They hold the physicians in respect. They
annually pay the tithe on their booty and commercial profits to the
government. Among them lives a group of Slavs who serve them. Out of 100
cubits of cotton fabric, more or less, they sew trousers which they
put on, tucking them up above the knee. They wear woollen bonnets with
tails let down behind their necks. They bury the dead with all their
belongings, | clothes, and ornaments. They (also) place in the grave, with
the dead, food and drinks.
1. KÚYÁBA (? Kúbába, etc.) is the town [land
?] of the Rús lying nearest to the Islamic lands. It is a pleasant place
and is the seat of the king. It produces various furs and valuable swords.
2. SLÁBA, a pleasant town from which, whenever peace reigns, they go
for trade to the districts of Bulghár.
3. URTÁB, a town where strangers are killed whenever they visit it. It produces very valuable blades and swords which can be bent in two, but as soon as the hand is removed they return to their former state.
[Ibráhím ibn Ja'qúb, žid, pravil:]
"Země Slovanů táhnou se od moře Syrského[1]
až k Oceánu směrem severním[2].
Některé kmeny ze severu zmocnily se však jejich [tj. slovanských]
zemí a setrvávají až do nynějška mezi nimi. Mezi Slovany jsou četné kmeny
rozdílné od sebe. V dávných dobách byli sjednoceni pod jedním králem,
jehož titul byl Máchá[3].
Ten byl z kmene, zvaného Veletábá[4]
a tento kmen je u nich ve velké vážnosti. Pak se však dostali mezi sebou
do rozepří a zanikl jejich (dřívější) řád. Jejich kmeny utvořili různé
skupiny a nad každým kmenem vládne zvláštní král.
Nyní mají čtyři krále: krále Bulharů, krále Bújislava[5], vládce Frága, Bújima a Kraková[6], dále krále Meško[7], vládce severu a Nákúna[8] na nejzazším severu.
Se zemí Nákúna sousedí na západě Saksún a část Marmánu[9]. V jeho zemích je lacino a jsou bohaté na koně, kteří jsou odtud vyváženi do jiných zemí."
[O Čechách a Praze hovoří Ibráhím takto:]
"A co se týče země
Bújislava, tedy její délka od města Frága až k městu
Kraková rovná se cestě tří týdnů a hranicí po celé délce se zemí
Turků[10].
Město Frága je vystavěno z kamene a vápna a je největším
městem co do obchodu. Přichází sem z města Kraková Rusové a
Slované se zbožím. A z krajin Turků muslimové, židé a Turci rovněž se
zbožím a obchodními mincemi. Ti vyváží od nich otroky, cín a různé
kožišiny. Jejich země je nejlepší zení severu a nejzásobenější
v potravinách. Prodává se tam za jeden kírát[11]
tolik pšenice, že vystačí člověku na měsíc a za tutéž cenu tolik ječmene,
kolik vystačí jezdci na 40 dní a dále za tento kírát deset slepic.
V městě Frága vyrábí se sedla, uzdy a tlusté štíty, kterých se
užívá v těchto zemí. V zemi Bújima zhotovují se též lehké
šátky z tenké tkaniny v podobě síťky, které neslouží
k ničemu. Cena těchto je u nich stálá: 10 šátků za jeden
kírát. Jimi obchodují a provádějí směnu mezi sebou. to je jejich
jmění a hodnota všech věcí, za ně získávají pšenici, mouku[12],
koně, zlato, stříbro a všechno ostatní. Zvláštní je, že obyvatelé země
Bújima jsou snědí, černých vlasů, zatímco světlý typ je u nich
řídký.
[Dále praví Ibráhím ibn Ja'qúb o Slovanech všeobecně:]
Slované jsou vcelku odvážní a stateční a kdyby nebyli roztříštění na množství kmenů a oddělených skupin, žádný národ by je nezdolal silou. Obývají země nejbohatší co do úrodnosti a nejvíce zásobené potravinami. Slované se pilně věnují zemědělství a výrobě věcí nutných pro obživu a převyšují v tom všechny ostatní národy severu. Jejich zboží jde po zemi i moři do Ruska a Cařihradu. V žádné ze severských zemí nevzniká hlad následkem nedostatku deště a z trvalého nahromadění vod. Sucho není u nich zhoubné, neboť nikdo, kdo tím je postižen, se jej nebojí pro dostatečnou vlhkost jejich zemí a velkou zimu. Sadbu provádějí ve dvou ročních obdobích, v létě a na jaře a mají dvojí žně. Nejvíce se pěstuje proso. Zima je u nich zdravá, i když velmi silná, horko však je pro ně zhoubné. Neodvažují se proto podnikat cestu do země Lankobardíja[13] pro sílu tamějších veder, které způsobují, že hynou. Mezi Slovany jsou všeobecně rozšířeny dvě choroby, takže jen málokdo je jedné z nich ušetřen. Jsou to dva druhy vyrážek: spalničky (nebo spála)[14] a vředy (?). Slované se vyhýbají požívání kuřat, protože se domnívají, že podporuje spalničky; avšak jedí hovězí maso a husy, které jim vyhovují.
Slované se odívají do širokých oděvů, pouze manžety rukávů jsou úzké. V jejich zemi se vyskytuje podivný pták, který je na hřbetě zelený a který opakuje všechno co slyší z hlasů lidí a zvířat; někdy se ho podaří chytit a podnikají na něj lov. Ve slovanském jazyce se nazývá sbá[15]. Kromě toho žije tak také divoký kur, který se nazývá slovansky tetrá[16]. Má chutné maso a jeho hlas lze slyšet z vrcholů stromů na vzdálenost paprasangu[17] i dále. Jsou dva druhy: jeden černý a druhý pestrý, který je krásnější než páv.
Slované mají různé druhy strunných i dechových
nástrojů. Délka jednoho jejich dechového nástroje obnáší více než dva
lokte, strunový nástroj má osm struna jeho spodní strana je plochá, nikoli
vypouklá. jejich nápojem i vínem je med."
[Dále cituje al-Bakrí nebo snad přímo Ibráhím ibn Ja'qúb slova arabského autora al-Masúdího /zemřel 956/:]
"Slované tvoří více kmenů. K jejich plemenu náleží as-Sabrába, Dupána, Namdžín[18], a to je kmen nejstatečnější a nejbojovnější mezi nimi, - a dále kmen zvaný Serbín, a ten je velké vážnosti, kmen Mazáza, Hajrávas, Sázím a Chašjábín[19]. k těmto kmenům náleží některé, které vyznávají křesťanství jakobitské sekty. Některé z nich však nemají žádné zjevené knihy[20], neznají náboženského zákona a jsou pohany. K těm náleží i rod jejich králů. Kmen o němž jsme řekli, že se jmenuje Serbín, spaluje se v ohni, když zemře jejich vůdce, a spaluje také své jízdní koně. Přitom mají zvyky podobné zvykům Indů, ačkoli tito náležejí východu a jsou vzdáleni od západu. Při spalování mrtvého dávají najevo hlasitě svou radost a tvrdí, že jejich radost a veselí jsou proto, že se bůh smiloval nad mrtvým. Ženy mrtvého si rozřezávají ruce a obličej nožem. Jestliže některá z nich tvrdí, že ho miluje, pověsí šňůru, vystoupí k ní pomocí stoličky a ovine si šňůru kolem krku. Pak podtrhnou pod ní stoličky a ona zůstane pověšena, až zemře; pak jí spálí s ním a je spojena se svým mužem.
Jejich ženy, jsou-li vdány, nedopouštějí se cizoložství. Naproti tomu, miluje-li dívka muže, jde k němu a ukojí u něj svou žádost. Jestliže si vezme muž nějakou dívku a shledá, že je ještě panna, řekne jí: „Kdyby bylo v tobě něco dobrého, byli by jistě tě mužové požádali a byla by sis vybrala někoho, kdo by ti byl vzal panenství“. Potom ji vyžene a zbaví se jí.
Země Slovanů jsou nejstudenějších ze všech krajin. Největší mráz je u nich tehdy, kdy jsou noci v úplňku a dny jasné. V tu dobu vzrůstá mráz a tuhne led. Země tvrdne a všechny tekutiny zamrzávají, studně a prameny pokrývají se tvrdou korou, takže jsou nakonec jako kámen. A když lidé vydechují, porývají se jejich vousy povlakem z ledu, který je jako sklo. Je těžko jej odlomit, pokud člověk se nezahřeje nebo nevejde pod střechu. Když je však noc temná a den zachmuřený, pak taje led a ubývá mrazu.
Neznají lázní, ale nahrazují je dřevěnými budkami. Spáry mezi břevny ucpávají něčím, co roste na stromech a je podobné „tuhlubu“[21] a je od nich nazýváno „mech“[22]. Nahrazuje se také smůlou při stavbě lodí. Pak vystaví kamna z kamenů v jednom rohu a nahoře, proti nim nechají otvor, aby mohl odcházet dým. A když se pec rozehřeje, přikryjí okno a zavřou dveře. Uvnitř jsou nádrže s vodou, a tuto vodu lijí na rozpálená kamna, až vystupuje pára. Každý z nich má v ruce věchýtek trávy, kterým mává a přihání k sobě vzduch. Pak otevřou se jim póry a vyjde z nich vše přebytečné, co je v těle. Tekou z nich stružky potu a nezůstane na žádném z nich ani stopy po vředu nebo vyrážce. Tuto budku nazývají alistbá [23].
Jejich
králové cestují ve velkých vozech na čtyřech kolech. Ve čtyřech rozích
těchto vozů jsou postaveny mocné trámy, ze kterých visí na silných
provazech nosítka, vyšívaná brokátem, takže sedící v nich nepociťuje
otřesy vozu. Slované bojují s Byzantinci, Franky, Lombarďany a jinými
národy a tato válka je vedena se střídavým štěstím.
[1] Středozemní
moře.
[2] Atlantský oceán, tomto
případě Baltské moře jako jeho část.
[3] Tento titul se nepodařilo
rozluštit.
[4]
Pravděpodobně zkomolený arabský přepis názvu Valínána =
Volyňané.
[5] Boleslav I.
[6] Praha, Čechy,
Krakov.
[7] Polský kníže Měšek
(Mieszko).
[8] Nakon, kníže Obordritů
(954-967).
[9] Normané =
Dánové.
[10] Turci = Maďaři.
[11]
[12] Nebo otroky. Arabské písmo
připouští obě možnosti.
[13] Lombardie.
[14] Arabský výraz je
nejasný.
[15] Zkomoleno ze špak =
špaček.
[16] Tetřev.
[17] Délková míra –
[18] as-Sabrába = snad
Stodorané nebo Obodrité; Dupána = Dúdlebové; Namdžín =
Němci.
[19] Serbín = Srbové;
Mazáza, zkomoleno z Morava.; Hajravás, snad Chorvaté.
Sásin, snad zkomoleno z Šáchín = Čechové.
Chašjabín =
Kašubové.
[20] Nejsou křesťany ani
židy.
[21] Vodní rostlina,
pravděpodobně nějaká řasa.
[22] V arabském textu
<mch> = zřejmě náš mech.
[23] V textu zkomoleno z názvu „izba“.
The monoxyla which come down from outer Russia to Constantinople are from Novgorod, where Sviatoslav, son of Igor, prince of Russia, had his seat, and others from the city of Smolensk and from Teliutza and Chernigov and from Vyshegrad. All these come down the river Dnieper, and are collected together at the city of Kiev, also called Sambatas. Their Slav tributaries, the so-called Krivichians and the Lenzanenes and the rest of the Slavonic regions, cut the monoxyla on their mountains in time of winter, and when they have prepared them, as spring approaches, and the ice melts, they bring them on to the neighbouring lakes. And since these lakes debouch into the river Dnieper, they enter thence on to this same river, and come down to Kiev, and draw the ships along to be finished and sell them to the Russians. The Russians buy these bottoms only, furnishing them with oars and rowlocks and other tackle from their old monoxyla, which they dismantle; and so they fit them out. And in the month of June they move off down the river Dnieper and come to Vitichev, which is a tributary city of the Russians, and there they gather during two or three days; and when all the monoxyla are collected together, then they set out, and come down the said Dnieper river. And first they come to the first barrage, called Essoupi, which means in Russian and Slavonic 'Do not sleep!'; the barrage itself is as narrow as the width of the Polo-ground; in the middle of it are rooted high rocks, which stand out like islands. Against these, then, comes the water and wells up and dashes down over the other side, with a mighty and terrific din. Therefore the Russians do not venture to pass between them, but put in to the bank hard by, disembarking the men on to dry land leaving the rest of the goods on board the monoxyla; they then strip and, feeling with their feet to avoid striking on a rock.... This they do, some at the prow, some amidships, while others again, in the stern, punt with poles; and with all this careful procedure they pass this first barrage, edging round under the river-bank. When they have passed this barrage, they re-embark the others from the dry land and sail away, and come down to the second barrage, called in Russian Oulvorsi, and in Slavonic Ostrovouniprach, which means 'the Island of the Barrage'. This one is like the first, awkward and not to be passed through. Once again they disembark the men and convey the monoxyla past, as on the first occasion. Similarly they pass the third barrage also, called Gelandri, which means in Slavonic 'Noise of the Barrage', and then the fourth barrage, the big one, called in Russian Aeifor, and in Slavonic Neasit, because the pelicans nest in the stones of the barrage. At this barrage all put into land prow foremost, and those who are deputed to keep the watch with them get out, and off they go, these men, and keep vigilant watch for the Pechenegs. The remainder, taking up the goods which they have on board the monoxyla, conduct the slaves in their chains past by land, six miles, until they are through the barrage. Then, partly dragging their monoxyla, partly portaging them on their shoulders, they convey them to the far side of the barrage; and then, putting them on the river and loading up their baggage, they embark themselves, and again sail off in them. When they come to the fifth barrage, called in Russian Varouforos, and in Slavonic Voulniprach, because it forms a large lake, they again convey their monoxyla through at the edges of the river, as at the first and second barrages, and arrive at the sixth barrage, called in Russian Leanti, and in Slavonic Veroutzi, that is 'the Boiling of the Water', and this too they pass similarly. And thence they sail away to the seventh barrage, called in Russian Stroukoun, and in Slavonic Naprezi, which means 'Little Barrage'. This they pass at the so-called ford of Vrar, where the Chersonites cross over from Russia and the Pechenegs to Cherson; which ford is as wide as the Hippodrome, and, measured upstream from the bottom as far as the rocks break surface, a bow-shot in length. It is at this point, therefore, that the Pechenegs come down and attack the Russians. After traversing this place, they reach the island called St. Gregory, on which island they perform their sacrifices because a gigantic oak-tree stands there; and they sacrifice live cocks. Arrows, too, they peg in round about, and others bread and meat, or something of whatever each may have, as is their custom. They also throw lots regarding the cocks, whether to slaughter them, or to eat them as well, or to leave them alive. From this island onwards the Russians do not fear the Pecheneg until they reach the river Selinas. So then they start off thence and sail for four days, until they reach the lake which forms the mouth of the river, on which is the island of St. Aitherios. Arrived at this island, they rest themselves there for two or three days. And they re-equip their monoxyla with such tackle as is needed, sails and masts and rudders, which they bring with them. Since this lake is the mouth of this river, as has been said, and carries on down to the sea, and the island of St. Aitherios lies on the sea, they come thence to the Dniester river, and having got safely there they rest again. But when the weather is propitious, they put to sea and come to the river called Aspros, and after resting there too in like manner, they again set out and come to the Selinas, to the so-called branch of the Danube river. And until they are past the river Selinas, the Pechenegs keep pace with them. And if it happens that the sea casts a monoxylon on shore, they all put in to land, in order to present a united opposition to the Pechenegs. But after the Selinas they fear nobody, but, entering the territory of Bulgaria, they come to the mouth of the Danube. From the Danube they proceed to the Konopas, and from the Konopas to Constantia, and from Constantia to the river of Varna, and from Varna they come to the river Ditzina, all of which are Bulgarian territory. From the Ditzina they reach the district of Mesembria, and there at last their voyage, fraught with such travail and terror, such difficulty and danger, is at an end. The severe manner of life of these same Russians in winter-time is as follows. When the month of November begins, their chiefs together with all the Russians at once leave Kiev and go off on the poliudia, which means 'rounds', that is, to the Slavonic regions of the Vervians and Drugovichians and Krivichians and Severians and the rest of the Slavs who are tributaries of the Russians. There they are maintained throughout the winter, but then once more, starting from the month of April, when the ice of the Duleper river melts, they come back to Kiev. They then pick up their monoxyla, as has been said above, and fit them out, and come down to Romania....